PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian								Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean								Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian	Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian							Pannonian	Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian							Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian							Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian								Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian								Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan							145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan							150
				Heterian							154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan							164.3
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan							176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan							184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran							188.9
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian							201.4
		Norian		Warepan							208.5
				Otamitan							217
				Oretian							221
		Carnian		Oretian							227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan							227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan							237
		Ladinian		Etalian							238
		Anisian		Etalian							242
		Anisian		Malakovian							246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian							247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian							249
		Induan		Nelsonian							251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan							251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan							251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	266
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
				Telfordian	285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
						Ohesaare		Bringewood/Elton		421.3
						Kaugetuma		Bringewood/Elton		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423.4 *
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		Buildwas		427.4
						Rootsikula	Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
						Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani				433.4
						Adavere				434 *
										436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
							Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
						Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru				441.4 *
											443.8