PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of the Baltic			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian									Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian									Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian									Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian									Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean														Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Tortonian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian														Early Miocene	15.98
													Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
														Monroecreekian					23.1 *
														Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian										Geringian		Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian												Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian											To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian											To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian											Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan													145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan													149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan													150
						Heterian													154.5
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan													164.3
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan													176
				Pliensbachian		Ururoan													184.2
Aratauran				Pliensbachian		188.9
				Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	266
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
			Telychian						Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian							Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
Valaste †/Hunderum										Kunda	464.3 *
										Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian							Volkhov		467.3
			Dapingian							Billingen		469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
Latorp †												470.1 *
										Hunneberg		473.7 *
			Tremadocian							Hunneberg		Ungurian	477.7
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Pakerort		Batyrbaian	485.4
													486.3 *
					486.5
		Jiangshanian			489.5
					Aksaian				490.7 *
					Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian			Sakian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian				497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian				504.5
		Wuliuan							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
					Toyonian				510 *
					Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian				514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian		521
		Stage 2					525.5
		Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635