PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Tarantian								0.0117
		Chibanian						Ionian								0.129
		Chibanian						Ionian				Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian				0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian				2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian				3
		Zanclean										Waipipian				3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian										Tongaporutuan				7.246
		Tortonian									Southland	Waiauan				11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan				11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian				13.82
												Clifdenian				15.1
											Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian				15.98
		Burdigalian										Otaian				18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian				20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian				23.03
												Duntroonian				25.2
												Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
											Arnold	Runangan				34.6
												Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan				37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian				41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
												Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan				47.8
												Mangaorapan				48.9
												Waipawan				52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian				56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian										Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
												Mangaotanean				90.5
												Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan				93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
												Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan				100.5
												Urutawan				103.3
											Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian										Korangan				113
		Aptian														117.5
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan		150
				Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			254.14
				Puruhauan			254.2
				Puruhauan			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian				Capitanian	Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	Urzhumian	264.28
						Noginskian				264.9 *
				Barettian						266
		Roadian					Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian					Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
				Mangapirian						Irenian/Ufimian	276
										Filipovian	276.5 *
						Pavlovoposadian				Filipovian	276.8 *
										Saraninian	280.1 *
								Hessian		Saraninian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
				Telfordian						Sarginian	285
										Irginian	285.9 *
							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
						Rusavkinian					287.6 *
										Burtsevian	287.8 *
										Burtsevian	288.5
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian						Nealian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian					303.7
						Khamovnikian					304.8
						Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian					307
					Podolskian	308.9 *
					Kashirian	311.4 *
					Vereian	313.8
					Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian	315.2
					Cheremshanian	316.9 *
					Prikamian	318.6 *
					Severokeltmian	319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
					Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
		Visean			Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian					393.3
		Pragian				Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian									Bolindian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
											Eastonian	Chientangkiangian			449 *
											Eastonian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
											Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian									Gisbornian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian									Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian									Yapeenian	Dapingian			467.3
		Dapingian									Castlemainian	Dapingian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Chewtonian	Yiyangian			470
			Bendigonian	471.8 *
			Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian							477.7
											Lianghekou †	477.9 *
			Warendian								Lianghekou †	482.8 *
																485.4