PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127314 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian Ages of Europe	European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Britain
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian								0.0117
				Chibanian				Sheridanian								0.129
				Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
				Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
				Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
				Gelasian										MN 17		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										MN 16		2.58
				Piacenzian										MN 15		3.2
				Zanclean										MN 15		3.6
														MN 14		4.2
								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						MN 14		4.7
														MN 13		4.9
			Miocene	Messinian										MN 13		5.333
				Tortonian										MN 12		7.246
														MN 11		7.75
														MN 10		8.7
								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						MN 10		9.4
														MN 9		9.7
														MN 7 + 8		11.1
				Serravallian												11.63
								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
														MN 6		12.8 *
				Langhian										MN 5		13.82
				Burdigalian										MN 4		15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						MN 4		16.3
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						MN 3		16.9
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					MN 3		18.5
														MN 2		20
				Aquitanian										MN 2		20.44
				Aquitanian										MN 1		22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
									Monroecreekian							23.1 *
									Geringian							24.7 *
				Rupelian					Geringian							27.82
				Rupelian												29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
				Priabonian												37
				Bartonian												37.71
				Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
				Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
				Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
				Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
				Selandian						To3/To2/To1						60.9
				Danian						To3/To2/To1						61.6
				Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan										145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
Kawhia					Ohauan	150
					Heterian	154.5
				Oxfordian		154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
				Callovian	Temaikan	164.3
				Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian		168.2
				Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
Herangi				Toarcian	Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian	Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian	Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Melekhovian	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
			Wordian				264.28
						Noginskian	264.9 *
					Barettian		266
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
					Mangapirian		276
						Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian				283.5
					Telfordian		285
					Telfordian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
							288.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian	303.7
						Khamovnikian	304.8
						Krevyakinian	305.8 *
			Moscovian			Myachkovian	307
						Podolskian	308.9 *
						Kashirian	311.4 *
						Vereian	313.8
						Melekessian	314.8
			Bashkirian			Melekessian	315.2
						Cheremshanian	316.9 *
						Prikamian	318.6 *
						Severokeltmian	319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
						Voznesenian	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
						Protvian	324.4 *
						Steshevian	326.8 *
						Tarusian	329 *
			Visean			Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
						Tulian	335.8 *
						Bobrikian	339.9 *
						Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian			Kosvian	346.7
						Kizelian	350.7 *
						Cherepetian	351.9 *
						Karakubian	354.4 *
						Upinian	356.3 *
						Malevkian	357.6 *
						Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien		408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	Rootsikula	427.4
Jaagarahu								Gleedonian	429.2 *
								Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
Jaani			Sheinwoodian						431.8 *
Jaani		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
Adavere			Telychian						434 *
Adavere			Aeronian						438.5
Raikkula			Aeronian						439.4 *
Raikkula			Rhuddanian						440.8
Juuru			Rhuddanian						441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
				Cheneyan	451.5 *
				Burrellian	452.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Actonian †					453.2 *
					Marshbrookian †					Woolstonian †	454.2 *
					Longvillian †						455.2 *
				Aurelucian	Longvillian †						456.8 *
				Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian						468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian						470
					Whitlandian						471.1 *
					Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian						480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Wonokan †						Vendian †	571.7 *
																635