PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Carboniferous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian						0.0117
				Chibanian					Lujanian						0.129
				Chibanian					Ensenadan						0.3 *
				Calabrian					Ensenadan						0.774
				Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
				Gelasian					Sanandresian						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean						2.58
				Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
				Zanclean					Chapadmalalan						3.6
									Montehermosan						3.7 *
									Huayquerian						4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
									Chasicoan						7.9 *
									Mayoan						9.9 *
									Laventan						10.9 *
				Serravallian					Laventan						11.63
				Serravallian					Colloncuran						13.7 *
				Langhian					Colloncuran						13.82
				Langhian					Friasian						15.4 *
				Burdigalian					Friasian						15.98
									Santacrucian						16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
				Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian						20.44
				Aquitanian					Deseadan						20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
				Rupelian					Tinguirirican						28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican						33.9
				Priabonian					Divisaderan						35.9 *
				Bartonian											37.71
				Lutetian											41.2
				Lutetian					Mustersan						41.9 *
				Ypresian					Mustersan						47.8
				Ypresian					Casamayoran						47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican						56
									Itaboraian						56.9 *
									Peligran						58.9 *
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
				Danian					Tiupampan						62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan									145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan									150
						Heterian									154.5
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan									164.3
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
Herangi				Toarcian	Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian	Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian	Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	266
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian								Siegen	407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien					Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
															1400