PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian													Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian													Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian													Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian													Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian													Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian													Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25	Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian											MP 16		Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian											MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian											MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian													Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian							66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan							72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan												145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan												149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan												150
				Heterian												154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan												164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan												176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan												184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran												188.9
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian												201.4
		Norian		Warepan												208.5
				Otamitan												217
				Oretian												221
		Carnian		Oretian												227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan												227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan												237
		Ladinian		Etalian												238
		Anisian		Etalian												242
		Anisian		Malakovian												246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian												247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian												249
		Induan		Nelsonian												251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan												251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan												251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	266
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
				Telfordian	285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian			Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
								Stephanian B		300.9 *
								Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Missourian			Stephanian A		303.7
					Missourian			Cantabrian		305 *
					Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian			307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
					Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
					Morrowan			Westphalian A	318.4 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Meramecian		Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
					Osagean		Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	Early Mississippian	Ivorian		346.7
					Kinderhookian		Ivorian		351.9 *
					Kinderhookian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian			358.9
							Middle Famennian			365.3 *
							Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian			372.2
							Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
							Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian			382.7
							Middle Givetian			383.7 *
							Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian			410.8
							Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †								456.2 *
			Liben †									458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
										Dobrotivian		458.5 *
										Oretanian		459.7 *
			Sarka †									461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †									467.3
		Dapingian								Arenigian		468
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Arenigian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan										485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian										Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan											504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran											506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran										Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran											511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran											514
			Montezuman											514.8 *
			Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8