PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Bartonian											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Ypresian												Bumbanian	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Gashatan		56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian									66
				Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan											145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan											150
						Heterian											154.5
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan											164.3
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan											176
				Pliensbachian		Ururoan											184.2
				Pliensbachian		Aratauran											188.9
				Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
				Norian		Warepan											208.5
						Otamitan											217
						Oretian											221
				Carnian		Oretian											227
				Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan											227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan											237
				Ladinian		Etalian											238
				Anisian		Etalian											242
				Anisian		Malakovian											246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian											247.2
				Olenekian		Nelsonian											249
				Induan		Nelsonian											251.2
				Induan	DUrville	Makarewan											251.5
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan											251.902
				Changhsingian		Waiitian											253.2
				Wuchiapingian		Waiitian											254.14
				Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan											254.2
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian											259.51
				Wordian		Flettian											264.28
				Wordian		Barettian											266
				Roadian													266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
				Kungurian		Mangapirian											276
				Artinskian		Mangapirian											283.5
						Telfordian											285
																	288.5
Sakmarian				290.1
Asselian				Bursumian †			293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian			298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian			303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian			305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian			307
			Moscovian	Atokan			312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan			315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan			318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian			323.2
			Visean	Chesterian			330.9
				Meramecian			335.8 *
				Osagean			343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean			346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
			Pragian				Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani		433.4
			Telychian				Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian							Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
	Valaste †/Hunderum									Kunda	464.3 *
										Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian							Volkhov		467.3
			Dapingian							Billingen		469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Latorp †											470.1 *
										Hunneberg		473.7 *
			Tremadocian							Hunneberg		477.7
										Varangu		481.3 *
										Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Pakerort		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
													486.3 *
						486.5
						Sunwaptan			487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan			489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean			493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian			Albertian †			497
		Drumian				Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran			Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4				Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran						514
						Montezuman						514.8 *
						Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †			Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †			Wonokan †		571.7 *
																	635