PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous of China	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Tarantian		Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian					Ionian		Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian					Ionian		Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian							Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene	15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene	23.03
										Monroecreekian					23.1 *
										Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian				Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian												Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Early Eocene	47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian									To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian									To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian			113
		Aptian										Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan								Late Kimmeridgian			150
				Ohauan								Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
				Heterian								Early Kimmeridgian			154.5
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan	Late Toarcian		176
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian		Warepan	Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
				Otamitan			217
				Oretian			221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian		227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian		227.5
					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
				Etalian	Longobardian		238
					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
					Smithian		248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian		249
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
					Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Melekhovian			251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian				259.51
		Wordian						264.28
					Noginskian			264.9 *
				Barettian				266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
				Mangapirian				276
					Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian						283.5
				Telfordian				285
				Telfordian	Rusavkinian			287.6 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian				303.7
					Khamovnikian				304.8
					Krevyakinian			Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian				307
					Podolskian				308.9 *
					Kashirian				311.4 *
					Vereian				313.8
					Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian	315.2
					Cheremshanian	316.9 *
					Cheremshanian	Huashibanian		318.5 *
					Prikamian			318.6 *
					Severokeltmian			319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian	Lousuan		321.2 *
					Voznesenian	Lousuan		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	Dewunian		323.2
					Protvian			324.4 *
					Steshevian			326.8 *
					Tarusian			329 *
					Tarusian	Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean			Venevian			330.9
					Mikhailovian			331.9 *
					Aleksinian			333.7 *
					Aleksinian	Jiusian		335 *
					Tulian			335.8 *
					Bobrikian			339.9 *
					Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian	Tangbagouan		346.7
					Kizelian			350.7 *
					Cherepetian			351.9 *
					Karakubian			354.4 *
					Upinian			356.3 *
					Malevkian			357.6 *
					Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian	443.8
		Katian					Bolindian	445.2
							Eastonian	449 *
							Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian					Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian					Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian					Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian	470
							Bendigonian	471.8 *
			Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran			Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran				514
				Montezuman				514.8 *
				Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
															538.8