PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	Villanyian		Tertiary †		Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene					Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian										Turolian					7.246
												Vallesian					8.7
												Vallesian				Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene	Astaracian				Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian									Middle Miocene	Astaracian				Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	Orleanian				Shanwangian	15.98
												Orleanian				Xiejiaan	16.9
												Agenian					20
		Aquitanian										Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene						33.9
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene						41.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan													145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan													149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan													150
				Heterian													154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan													164.3
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan													176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan													184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran													188.9
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian													201.4
		Norian		Warepan													208.5
				Otamitan													217
				Oretian													221
		Carnian		Oretian													227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan													227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan													237
		Ladinian		Etalian													238
		Anisian		Etalian													242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Wordian			264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	Wordian			266
		Roadian			Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
				Mangapirian				Cathedralian	276
								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Autunian			283.5
				Telfordian					285
				Telfordian	Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan		445.2
										Cautleyan		448.9 *
										Pusgillian		449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan			451.5 *
										Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian							Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Fennian				470
										Whitlandian				471.1 *
										Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian							Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
									Tremadoc	Cressagian				480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †				497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †	504.5
																	509