PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Cambrian of Australia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian								Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian								Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian								Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan				56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan							145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan							150
				Heterian							154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan							164.3
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan							176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan							184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran							188.9
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian							201.4
		Norian		Warepan							208.5
				Otamitan							217
				Oretian							221
		Carnian		Oretian							227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan							227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan							237
		Ladinian		Etalian							238
		Anisian		Etalian							242
		Anisian		Malakovian							246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian							247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian							249
		Induan		Nelsonian							251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan							251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Meishanian						251.902
				Waiitian	Meishanian						253.2
					Baoqingian						253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian						254.14
				Puruhauan	Laoshanian						254.2
				Puruhauan	Laibinian						257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Lengwuan						259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		266
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
				Telfordian	Longlinian	285.4 *
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10					Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian					Iverian	489.5
		Paibian					Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian					Boomerangian	499
		Drumian					Undillan	500.5
		Drumian					Floran	503
		Wuliuan					Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan					Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					Ordian	509
											510.8 *