PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Ordovician of Australia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America				Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Permian Subages of Germany
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Serravallian																		11.63
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian													33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan													37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan													56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan																145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan																149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan																150
				Heterian																154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan																164.3
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan																176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan																184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran																188.9
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian																201.4
		Norian		Warepan																208.5
				Otamitan																217
				Oretian																221
		Carnian		Oretian																227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan																227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan																237
		Ladinian		Etalian																238
		Anisian		Etalian																242
		Anisian		Malakovian																246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian																247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian																249
		Induan		Nelsonian																251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan																251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Meishanian														Buntsandstein	251.902
				Waiitian	Meishanian															253.2
					Baoqingian															253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian													Longtanian †		254.14
				Puruhauan	Laoshanian															254.2
				Puruhauan	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Lengwuan				Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Kuhfengian				Leine	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian					Leine	266
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian						276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian						283.5
				Telfordian						285
				Telfordian	Longlinian					285.4 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian					298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian										Gamachian	445.2
												Richmondian	446 *
								Eastonian				Richmondian	449 *
												Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian		450.4 *
											Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
								Gisbornian						452 *
		Sandbian												453
												Turinian		453.7 *
											Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian						Yapeenian							467.3
								Castlemainian							468.5 *
								Castlemainian				Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
								Bendigonian								471.8 *
								Lancefieldian								473.5 *
												Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian										Tulean				477.7
												Stairsian				480.3 *
												Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
								Warendian							Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				489.5											Sunwaptan
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean											493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †			Marjumian							Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †								Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †								Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4															Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3	514														Dyeran
			Montezuman	514.8 *
			Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																				538.8