PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Salt Range	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Units	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian							0.0117
		Chibanian				Ionian							0.129
		Chibanian				Ionian						Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian					Mangapanian	2.58
							Villanyian					Waipipian	3
							Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian				Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
							Vallesian						8.7
							Vallesian				Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian					Astaracian					Waiauan	11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian	13.82
												Clifdenian	15.1
											Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian					Orleanian					Altonian	15.98
							Orleanian					Otaian	18.7
							Agenian						20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian	23.03
												Duntroonian	25.2
												Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
											Arnold	Runangan	34.6
												Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian	41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
												Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan	47.8
												Mangaorapan	48.9
												Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian	56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian										Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
												Mangaotanean	90.5
												Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan	93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
												Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Gallic		Motuan	100.5
												Urutawan	103.3
											Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian										Korangan	113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan					145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan					149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan		150
				Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	Dorashamian		251.902
									252.4 *
						Chhidru			252.9 *
				Waiitian					253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			Dzhulfian		254.14
				Puruhauan					254.2
						Kalabagh			255 *
						Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			Midian		259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
				Barettian					266
						Amb			266.1 *
							Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian							266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian		273.01
				Mangapirian			Kubergandian		276
							Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian							283.5
				Telfordian					285
				Telfordian			Yakhtashian		286
							Yakhtashian		288.5
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian					Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8