PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of Western Europe	Devonian of France	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
											Monroecreekian			23.1 *
											Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian									Geringian			27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	47.8
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian							100.5
							Middle Albian							106.2 *
							Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian							113
		Aptian					Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian							139.8
							Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
							Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian		150
				Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan	Late Toarcian		176
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian		Warepan	Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
				Otamitan			217
				Oretian			221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian		227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian		227.5
					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
				Etalian	Longobardian		238
					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
					Smithian		248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian		249
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
					Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			Zechstein	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			Zechstein	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian				264.28
		Wordian		Barettian				266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian				276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			Autunian	283.5
				Telfordian				285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	489.5
									Aksaian	490.7 *
									Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian							Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan							Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan								505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
									Toyonian	510 *
									Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian	514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian	521
														525.5