PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian of the Salt Range
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian							100.5
								Middle Albian							106.2 *
								Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian							113
		Aptian						Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian							139.8
								Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
								Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan				Late Kimmeridgian							150
				Ohauan				Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
				Heterian				Early Kimmeridgian							154.5
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							164.3
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian							174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan				Late Toarcian							176
								Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
								Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							188.9
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
		Norian		Warepan				Sevatian							208.5
								Alaunian							213.2 *
								Lacian							216.7 *
				Otamitan											217
				Oretian											221
		Carnian		Oretian				Tuvalian							227
			Gore	Kaihikuan				Tuvalian							227.5
								Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian							237
				Etalian				Longobardian							238
								Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian							242
								Pelsonian							243.8 *
								Bithynian							244.7 *
								Aegean							245.5 *
				Malakovian				Aegean							246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian							247.2
								Smithian							248.9 *
				Nelsonian				Smithian							249
		Induan						Dienerian							251.2
								Griesbachian							251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan				Griesbachian						Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein									Kathwai	251.902
															252.4 *
							Chhidru			252.9 *
				Waiitian						253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		254.14
				Puruhauan		254.2
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian			Leine		264.28
							265.3 *
				Barettian			266
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian					Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian								Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg		473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg		477.7
								Varangu		481.3 *
								Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort			485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									486.3 *
															486.5