PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Units	Cambrian of Britain		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian of Germany
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Villanyian							2.58
		Piacenzian						Ruscinian							3.1 *
		Zanclean						Ruscinian							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Turolian							5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian							7.246
		Tortonian						Vallesian							8.7
		Serravallian						Astaracian							11.63
		Langhian						Astaracian							13.82
		Burdigalian						Orleanian							15.98
		Burdigalian						Agenian							20
		Aquitanian						Agenian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan											150
				Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan											176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan											184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran											188.9
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
		Norian		Warepan											208.5
				Otamitan											217
				Oretian											221
		Carnian		Oretian											227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan											227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan											237
		Ladinian		Etalian											238
		Anisian		Etalian											242
		Anisian		Malakovian											246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian							Vokhmian				247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian											249
		Induan		Nelsonian											251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan											251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan											251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian											253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
				Puruhauan		254.2
				Puruhauan		Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Severodvinian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Urzhumian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	Urzhumian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		266
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
				Mangapirian		Irenian/Ufimian			276
						Filipovian			276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
				Telfordian		Sarginian		285
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
						Burtsevian		288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian		Bursumian †	293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian						Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian						Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian							Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani		433.4
		Telychian							Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Late Cambrian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Middle Cambrian	St Davids		497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian				Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8