PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain			Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Chibanian							Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian							Castlecliffian									0.774
		Calabrian							Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian								Villanyian	2.58
									Waipipian								Villanyian	3
																	Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean							Opoitian									3.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean								Turolian	5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian														Pannonian		7.246
																	Vallesian	8.7
								Southland	Waiauan								Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian														Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
																Badenian		12.8 *
									Lillburnian							Badenian		13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian									13.82
									Clifdenian									15.1
								Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian							Altonian								Orleanian	15.98
									Otaian								Orleanian	18.7
																	Agenian	20
		Aquitanian																20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian									23.03
									Duntroonian									25.2
									Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
								Arnold	Runangan									34.6
									Kaiatan									36.7
		Bartonian							Kaiatan									37.71
		Bartonian							Bortonian									39.1
		Lutetian							Bortonian									41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
									Heretaungan									45.7
		Ypresian							Heretaungan									47.8
									Mangaorapan									48.9
									Waipawan									52
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian									56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian									66
		Campanian							Haumurian									72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan									83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
									Mangaotanean									90.5
									Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan									93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
									Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan									100.5
									Urutawan									103.3
								Taitai	Korangan									108.4
		Aptian							Korangan									113
		Aptian		117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan		150
					Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian			Warepan		208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
		Carnian			Oretian		227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian			Etalian		238
		Anisian			Etalian		242
		Anisian			Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian		249
		Induan			Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		Meishanian	251.902
					Waiitian		Meishanian	253.2
							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	254.14
					Puruhauan			254.2
								Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
							Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian		Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian			Barettian		Urzhumian			266
		Roadian					Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
					Mangapirian			Irenian/Ufimian		276
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Telfordian					285
									Longlinian	285.4 *
								Irginian		285.9 *
								Burtsevian		287.8 *
								Burtsevian		288.5
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	Bursumian †	293.52
								Uskalykian			294.8
								Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Virgilian	298.9
		Gzhelian								Virgilian	300.1
		Kasimovian	Missourian							303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian							305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian							307
		Moscovian	Atokan							312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan							315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian			323.2
		Visean	Chesterian			330.9
			Meramecian			335.8 *
			Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian				Wych				Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian				Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
		Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill						Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc						Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan		451.5 *
												Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
												Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn						Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig						Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Fennian			470
												Whitlandian			471.1 *
												Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc						Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc						Cressagian			480.8 *
																		485 *