PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America		Permian of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous Subepochs
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Senonian	66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian								Gallic	100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian									113
		Aptian			Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian									150
				Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
				Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian									154.5
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian									174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan	Late Toarcian									176
					Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
					Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian		Warepan	Sevatian									208.5
					Alaunian									213.2 *
					Lacian									216.7 *
				Otamitan										217
				Oretian										221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian									227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian									227.5
					Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian									237
				Etalian	Longobardian									238
					Fassanian									239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian									242
					Pelsonian									243.8 *
					Bithynian									244.7 *
					Aegean									245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean									246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian									247.2
					Smithian									248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian									249
		Induan			Dienerian									251.2
					Griesbachian									251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian							Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Meishanian			Kathwai		251.902
														252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
				Waiitian				253.2
								Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian	254.14
				Puruhauan					254.2
							Kalabagh		255 *
							Wargal		256 *
								Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian	264.28
									265.3 *
				Barettian					266
							Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb		266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
				Telfordian					285
				Telfordian				Longlinian	285.4 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian						Zisongian	293.52
		Asselian							Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
								300.1
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean						Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
								Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian						Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian						Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill					Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc					Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig		Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian				470
							Whitlandian				471.1 *
			Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
														538.8