PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian										100.5
					Middle Albian										106.2 *
					Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian										113
		Aptian			Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian										139.8
					Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
					Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian										150
				Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
				Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian										154.5
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian										174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan	Late Toarcian										176
					Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
					Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
		Norian		Warepan	Sevatian										208.5
					Alaunian										213.2 *
					Lacian										216.7 *
				Otamitan											217
				Oretian											221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian										227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian										227.5
					Julian										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian										237
				Etalian	Longobardian										238
					Fassanian										239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian										242
					Pelsonian										243.8 *
					Bithynian										244.7 *
					Aegean										245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean										246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian										247.2
					Smithian										248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian										249
		Induan			Dienerian										251.2
					Griesbachian										251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian										251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan											251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian											253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			264.28
		Wordian		Barettian			266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A			317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
							Marsdenian		320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
							Alportian		322 *
							Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
							Arnsbergian		324 *
							Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian				Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian				Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian		358.9
								Middle Famennian		365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian		372.2
								Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
								Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian		382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
								Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian		410.8
								Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian	489.5
			Aksaian	490.7 *
			Sakian	492.2 *
				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			494
		Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
			Toyonian							Dyeran		511 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3										514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
			Atdabanian							Montezuman		515.6 *
			Atdabanian							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †								529
															538.8