PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of Western Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene			7.246
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene			11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene			13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene			15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian		66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic		100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan							145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan							150
				Heterian							154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan							164.3
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites						168.2
		Bajocian				Humphresianum					168.4
		Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense					174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan		Thouarsense					176
											180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						182
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni						184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni						188.9
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi						192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian							201.4
		Norian		Warepan							208.5
				Otamitan							217
				Oretian							221
		Carnian		Oretian							227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan							227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan							237
		Ladinian		Etalian							238
		Anisian		Etalian							242
		Anisian		Malakovian							246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian							247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian							249
		Induan		Nelsonian			251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			Zechstein			254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			Zechstein			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian		Flettian						264.28
		Wordian		Barettian						266
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian						276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			Autunian			283.5
				Telfordian						285
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian			500.5	Marjumian
		Wuliuan			Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4			Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran			514
					Montezuman			514.8 *
					Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8