PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126894 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of England		Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of China	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian		100.5
																	Middle Albian		106.2 *
																	Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian													Late Aptian		113
				Aptian													Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian													Late Berriasian		139.8
																	Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																	Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan											Late Kimmeridgian		150
						Ohauan											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
						Heterian											Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
				Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
				Bathonian													Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites						Epizigzagiceras				Late Bajocian		168.2
								Humphresianum					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Late Bajocian		168.4
								Humphresianum					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				Late Toarcian		174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						176
													Planulata						179.3 *
															Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
																			180.1
																	Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
													Kanense						181.3 *
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						Kanense						182
													Carlottense						182.3 *
													Carlottense				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
													Kunae				Early Toarcian		183.5 *
				Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni						Kunae				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
													Freboldi						185.1 *
													Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
						Aratauran							Whiteavesi/Imlayi						188.9
																			189.2 *
													Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
				Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi										Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
													Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
													Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
				Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis						Franziceras/Euphyllites				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian													201.4
				Norian		Warepan											Sevatian		208.5
																	Alaunian		213.2 *
																	Lacian		216.7 *
						Otamitan													217
						Oretian													221
				Carnian		Oretian											Tuvalian		227
					Gore	Kaihikuan											Tuvalian		227.5
																	Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													Longobardian		237
						Etalian											Longobardian		238
Fassanian	239.7 *
Anisian	Illyrian			242
	Pelsonian			243.8 *
	Bithynian			244.7 *
	Aegean			245.5 *
	Aegean			Malakovian		246
Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian			247.2
			Smithian			248.9 *
			Smithian	Nelsonian		249
	Induan		Dienerian			251.2
			Griesbachian			251.4 *
			Griesbachian	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Meishanian				251.902
					Waiitian	Meishanian				253.2
						Baoqingian				253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian				254.14
					Puruhauan	Laoshanian				254.2
					Puruhauan	Laibinian				257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Lengwuan				259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	Kuhfengian				264.28
			Wordian		Barettian					266
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian				273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
					Telfordian					285
					Telfordian	Longlinian				285.4 *
										288.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian			Zisongian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian								300.1
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean					Middle Mississippian		330.9
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian									425.6
			Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian							Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Telychian								436.3 *
			Aeronian								438.5
			Aeronian							Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian							Cowleigh Park	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian								Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian								Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian								Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian								Xinchangian			477.7
			Tremadocian								Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
			Drumian											500.5
			Wuliuan											504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4											509
		Series 2	Stage 3											514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635