PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America		European Faunal Units	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Villanyian				Late Pliocene	Yushean		2.58
		Piacenzian						Ruscinian				Late Pliocene			3.1 *
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Turolian				Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian							7.246
								Vallesian							8.7
								Vallesian					Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian						Astaracian				Middle Miocene	Tunggurian		11.63
		Langhian						Astaracian				Middle Miocene	Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian						Orleanian				Early Miocene	Shanwangian		15.98
								Orleanian					Xiejiaan		16.9
								Agenian							20
		Aquitanian						Agenian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian									Senonian	66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Gallic	100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian												Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan											150
				Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						176
									Planulata						179.3 *
									Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
									Kanense						181.3 *
									Carlottense						182.3 *
									Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian							Kunae						184.2
									Freboldi						185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
				Aratauran					Whiteavesi/Imlayi						188.9
															189.2 *
									Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
		Sinemurian													192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian						201.4
		Norian		Warepan						208.5
				Otamitan						217
				Oretian						221
		Carnian		Oretian						227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan						227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan						237
		Ladinian		Etalian						238
		Anisian		Etalian						242
		Anisian		Malakovian						246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian						247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian						249
		Induan		Nelsonian						251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan						251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan						Buntsandstein	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian				Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian				Leine		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian				Leine		266
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian						276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian						283.5
				Telfordian						285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian					330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan						Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian						Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian						Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
															419.2