PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Units	Precambrian of Russia	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages			Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Chibanian		Castlecliffian												0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian												0.774
				Calabrian		Nukumaruan												1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan												1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	Tertiary †			Villanyian							Yushean	2.58
						Waipipian				Villanyian								3
										Ruscinian								3.1 *
				Zanclean														3.6
						Opoitian												3.7
						Opoitian											Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean				Turolian								5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
				Tortonian														7.246
										Vallesian								8.7
					Southland	Waiauan												11.04
																	Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian						Astaracian								11.63
				Serravallian		Lillburnian												13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian											Shanwangian	13.82
						Clifdenian												15.1
					Pareora	Altonian												15.9
				Burdigalian						Orleanian								15.98
																	Xiejiaan	16.9
						Otaian												18.7
										Agenian								20
				Aquitanian														20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian												21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian												23.03
						Duntroonian												25.2
						Whaingaroan												27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
					Arnold	Runangan												34.6
						Kaiatan												36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan												37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian												39.1
				Lutetian		Bortonian												41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
						Heretaungan												45.7
				Ypresian		Heretaungan												47.8
						Mangaorapan												48.9
						Waipawan												52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian												56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
				Campanian		Haumurian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
				Santonian		Piripauan								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
				Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				86.1
				Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
						Mangaotanean												90.5
						Arowhanan												93.7
				Cenomanian		Arowhanan								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian												95.2
						Motuan												99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan								Late Albian				100.5
						Urutawan								Late Albian				103.3
Middle Albian						Urutawan		106.2 *
Middle Albian					Taitai	Korangan		108.4
Early Albian								109.9 *
Aptian				Late Aptian				113
				Late Aptian				117.5
				Early Aptian				119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian				139.8
				Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
				Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	145
			Tithonian		Early Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
			Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
			Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
			Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
			Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
					Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Early Toarcian				182.9 *
			Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian		Sevatian				208.5
					Alaunian				213.2 *
					Lacian				216.7 *
			Carnian		Tuvalian				227
			Carnian		Julian				233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian				237
			Ladinian		Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian				242
					Pelsonian				243.8 *
					Bithynian				244.7 *
					Aegean				245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian				247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian				248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian				251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian				251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian							Wordian	264.28
			Roadian							Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian				281.9 *
			Artinskian				Hessian				283.5
			Artinskian				Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian							Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian		443.8
			Katian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †					445.2
			Katian	Berounian							449.7 *
			Sandbian								453
								Zahorany †/Vinice			Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †						458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
				Dobrotivian								458.5 *
				Oretanian								459.7 *
						Sarka †						461.7 *
			Dapingian			Klabava †						467.3
			Dapingian	Arenigian								468
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian								470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian								477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian										Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †				Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †				Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3										Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian			Karatau									800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian			Karatau									1000
		Stenian			Yurmatian									1100
		Ectasian			Yurmatian									1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan									1375
																		1400