PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran					Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean								0.129
									Irvingtonian								0.21
				Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian															0.774
									Blancan								1.4
				Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	Tertiary †												2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian													3
		Zanclean		Waipipian													3.6
				Opoitian													3.7
				Opoitian					Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
									Clarendonian								9.4
			Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian															11.63
									Barstovian								12.5
				Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian													13.82
				Clifdenian													15.1
			Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
									Hemingfordian								16.3
									Arikareean								18.5
				Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian													23.03
				Duntroonian													25.2
				Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
									Whitneyan								29.5
									Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian								33.9
			Arnold	Runangan													34.6
				Kaiatan													36.7
									Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian															37.71
				Bortonian													39.1
									Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
				Heretaungan													45.7
									Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian															47.8
				Mangaorapan													48.9
				Mangaorapan					Wasatchian								50.5
				Waipawan					Wasatchian								52
				Waipawan					Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian					Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian							Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Senonian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Gallic		100.5
				Urutawan				103.3
			Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian		Korangan				113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian							Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian							Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian								Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian											407.6
		Lochkovian											410.8
Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian		443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †						445.2
		Katian			Berounian								449.7 *
		Sandbian											453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †								458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
					Dobrotivian										458.5 *
					Oretanian										459.7 *
				Sarka †										461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †										467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian									468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan										485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian										489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													489.5
			Aksaian												490.7 *
			Sakian												492.2 *
					Maentwrogian										493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian	St Davids											497
		Guzhangian														499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian												500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian												503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian				Stage 5 †								504.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †								505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai								509
				Toyonian												510 *
				Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian												514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian												515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian												521
		Stage 2														525.5
		Fortunian														529
																	538.8