PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Siberia				Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran										0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Chibanian		Castlecliffian										0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian										0.774
				Calabrian		Nukumaruan										1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan										1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	Tertiary †									2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian										3
				Zanclean		Waipipian										3.6
				Zanclean		Opoitian										3.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
				Tortonian		Tongaporutuan										7.246
				Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan										11.04
				Serravallian		Waiauan										11.63
				Serravallian		Lillburnian										13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian										13.82
						Clifdenian										15.1
					Pareora	Altonian										15.9
				Burdigalian		Altonian										15.98
				Burdigalian		Otaian										18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian										20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian										21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian										23.03
						Duntroonian										25.2
						Whaingaroan										27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
					Arnold	Runangan										34.6
						Kaiatan										36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan										37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian										39.1
				Lutetian		Bortonian										41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
						Heretaungan										45.7
				Ypresian		Heretaungan										47.8
						Mangaorapan										48.9
						Waipawan										52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian										56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
				Campanian		Haumurian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
				Santonian		Piripauan									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
				Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	86.1
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
						Mangaotanean										90.5
						Arowhanan										93.7
				Cenomanian		Arowhanan									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian										95.2
						Motuan										99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan									Late Albian	100.5
						Urutawan									Late Albian	103.3
						Urutawan									Middle Albian	106.2 *
					Taitai	Korangan									Middle Albian	108.4
															Early Albian	109.9 *
				Aptian											Late Aptian	113
															Late Aptian	117.5
															Early Aptian	119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian				139.8
				Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
				Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	145
			Tithonian		Early Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
			Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
			Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
			Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
			Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
					Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Early Toarcian				182.9 *
			Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian		Sevatian				208.5
					Alaunian				213.2 *
					Lacian				216.7 *
			Carnian		Tuvalian				227
			Carnian		Julian				233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian				237
			Ladinian		Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian				242
					Pelsonian				243.8 *
					Bithynian				244.7 *
					Aegean				245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian				247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian				248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian				251.2
					Griesbachian				251.4 *
					Griesbachian				Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai	251.902
										252.4 *
									Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian						Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
									Kalabagh		255 *
							Wargal		256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
										265.3 *
							Amb			266.1 *
			Roadian				Amb			266.9
			Roadian							270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian		Harju		Porkuni		443.8
			Katian	Bolindian				Pirgu		445.2
				Eastonian				Pirgu		449 *
								Vormsi		449.6 *
								Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
						Viru		Rakvere			450.6 *
				Gisbornian				Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian					Keila		Idavere †	453
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
								Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian				Uhaku			458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
						Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Yapeenian								467.3
				Castlemainian								468.5 *
				Castlemainian				Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian								470
				Chewtonian						Latorp †		470.1 *
				Bendigonian								471.8 *
				Lancefieldian								473.5 *
								Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian					Hunneberg				477.7
Varangu					481.3 *
Pakerort					482.2 *
				Warendian	482.8 *
				Warendian	Mansian †			483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian			Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian			485.4
													486.3 *
									486.5
			Jiangshanian						489.5
					Aksaian				490.7 *
					Sakian				492.2 *
			Paibian						494
			Paibian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian				Mayan/Menevian			500.5
			Wuliuan				Stage 5 †			Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							Amgan/Solvan			509
								Toyonian		Lenian †			510 *
								Botomian					512.5 *
			Stage 3					Botomian					514
			Stage 3					Atdabanian					515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian					521
			Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
			Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †			529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											538.8
			Cryogenian											635
			Tonian											720
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											1000
			Ectasian											1200
			Calymmian											1400
		Paleoproterozoic	Statherian											1600
			Orosirian											1800
			Rhyacian											2050
			Siderian											2300
	Archean	Neoarchean												2500
		Mesoarchean												2800
		Paleoarchean												3200
		Eoarchean												3600
	Hadean													4000
																4600