PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127777 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of China			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia	Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran																	0
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian															Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian													Middle Pleistocene				0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian													Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan																	1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan																	1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian																	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	Tertiary †												Late Pliocene				2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian													Late Pliocene				3
		Zanclean		Waipipian													Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian													Early Pliocene				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean													Late Miocene				5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan																	7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan																	7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan																	11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan													Middle Miocene				11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian																	13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian																	13.82
				Clifdenian																	15.1
			Pareora	Altonian																	15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian													Early Miocene				15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian																	18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian																	20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian																	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian													Late Oligocene		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
				Duntroonian																	25.2
				Whaingaroan																	27.3
		Rupelian															Early Oligocene		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															Late Eocene		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan																	34.6
				Kaiatan																	36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan													Middle Eocene		MP 16		37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian															MP 16		39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian															MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan																	42.6
				Heretaungan																	45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan													Early Eocene		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
				Mangaorapan																	48.9
				Waipawan																	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian													Late Paleocene		MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian															Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian															Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian																	66
		Campanian		Haumurian																	72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan																	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan																	86.1
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
				Mangaotanean																	90.5
				Arowhanan																	93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan																	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian																	95.2
				Motuan																	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan																	100.5
				Urutawan																	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan																	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan																	113
		Aptian																			117.5
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian					Leine	264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian					Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian						Wufeng †	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							Kralodvorian		449.5
												Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian		453
				Zahorany †/Vinice										Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †											458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian					Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
												Dobrotivian			458.5 *
			Oretanian									459.7 *
				Sarka †										461.7 *
				Sarka †						Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian	Klabava †									467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian	Dapingian										468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian	Yiyangian										470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian	Tremadocian										477.7
											Lianghekou †			477.9 *
											Lianghekou †			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian												Batyrbaian			489.5
														Aksaian			490.7 *
														Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian															494
		Paibian														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian													Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian													Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †									Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Amgan/Solvan			509
															Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
															Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3					514								Botomian
		Stage 3					Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian									521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian								Manykaian †	529
																					538.8