PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran					Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean						0.129
									Irvingtonian						0.21
				Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
									Blancan						1.4
				Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	Tertiary †										2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian											3
		Zanclean		Waipipian											3.6
				Opoitian											3.7
				Opoitian					Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
									Clarendonian						9.4
			Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian													11.63
									Barstovian						12.5
				Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian											13.82
				Clifdenian											15.1
			Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
									Hemingfordian						16.3
									Arikareean						18.5
				Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian											23.03
				Duntroonian											25.2
				Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
									Whitneyan						29.5
									Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian						33.9
			Arnold	Runangan											34.6
				Kaiatan											36.7
									Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian													37.71
				Bortonian											39.1
									Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
				Heretaungan											45.7
									Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
				Mangaorapan											48.9
				Mangaorapan					Wasatchian						50.5
				Waipawan					Wasatchian						52
				Waipawan					Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian					Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian							Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
				Mangaotanean			90.5
				Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
				Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan			100.5
				Urutawan			103.3
			Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian		Korangan			113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian						Midian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian						Murgabian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266.2 *
		Roadian						Murgabian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian						Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian						Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian						Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian						Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian								Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian								Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian								Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian								Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian								Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian								Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chesterian	323.2
		Visean								Chesterian	330.9
										Meramecian	335.8 *
										Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian								Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian								Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan						419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran						422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan	Clinton						440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan									485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8