PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Chibanian		Castlecliffian												0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian												0.774
				Calabrian		Nukumaruan												1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan												1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	Tertiary †											2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian												3
				Zanclean		Waipipian												3.6
				Zanclean		Opoitian												3.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
				Tortonian		Tongaporutuan												7.246
				Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan												11.04
				Serravallian		Waiauan												11.63
				Serravallian		Lillburnian												13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian												13.82
						Clifdenian												15.1
					Pareora	Altonian												15.9
				Burdigalian		Altonian												15.98
				Burdigalian		Otaian												18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian												20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian												21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
						Duntroonian												25.2
						Whaingaroan												27.3
				Rupelian												Kekeamuan		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
					Arnold	Runangan												34.6
						Kaiatan												36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian												39.1
				Lutetian		Bortonian												41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
						Heretaungan												45.7
				Ypresian		Heretaungan											Bumbanian	47.8
						Mangaorapan												48.9
						Waipawan												52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian										Gashatan		56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian				Lancian/Edmontonian								66
				Campanian		Haumurian				Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
				Santonian		Piripauan												83.6
				Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan												86.1
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
						Mangaotanean												90.5
						Arowhanan												93.7
				Cenomanian		Arowhanan												93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian												95.2
						Motuan												99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan												100.5
						Urutawan												103.3
					Taitai	Korangan												108.4
				Aptian		Korangan												113
				Aptian														117.5
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
			Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		168.2
			Aalenian		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
			Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian		208.5
			Carnian		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian					Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	323.2
			Visean					Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian					Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian		393.3
			Pragian				Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian				Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani			433.4
			Telychian				Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju			Porkuni	443.8
			Katian							Pirgu	445.2
				Vormsi						449.6 *
				Nabala						Johvi †	450 *
				Viru			Rakvere				450.6 *
							Oandu				452 *
			Sandbian				Keila			Idavere †	453
							Haljala				453.9
							Kukruse				456.4 *
							Uhaku			Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku				458.4
							Lasnamagi				458.9 *
							Aseri				460.4 *
				Oeland			Kunda				462.9 *
							Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian				Volkhov					467.3
			Dapingian				Billingen					469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
Hunneberg							473.7 *
Hunneberg			Tremadocian				477.7
Varangu					481.3 *
Pakerort					482.2 *
Pakerort	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
										Sunwaptan		487.5
			Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan		489.5
			Jiangshanian							Steptoean		493 *
			Paibian							Steptoean		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †			Marjumian		Albertian †	497
			Drumian							Marjumian			500.5
			Wuliuan							Stage 5 †			Topazan	504.5
			Wuliuan							Stage 5 †			Delamaran	506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
			Stage 4										Dyeran	511 *
			Stage 3										Dyeran	514
													Montezuman	514.8 *
													Begadean	519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635