PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		South American Land Mammal Ages		Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran						Cenozoic 6			0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian								0.0117
				Chibanian			Lujanian								0.129
							Ensenadan								0.3 *
						Castlecliffian									0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian									0.774
						Nukumaruan									1.63
							Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
				Gelasian											1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian									2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean								2.58
							Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
						Waipipian									3
				Zanclean		Waipipian									3.6
						Opoitian	Montehermosan								3.7 *
						Opoitian	Huayquerian								4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
				Tortonian											7.246
							Chasicoan								7.9 *
							Mayoan								9.9 *
							Laventan								10.9 *
					Southland	Waiauan									11.04
				Serravallian		Waiauan						Cenozoic 5			11.63
						Lillburnian									13.05
							Colloncuran								13.7 *
				Langhian											13.82
						Clifdenian									15.1
						Clifdenian	Friasian								15.4 *
					Pareora	Altonian									15.9
				Burdigalian											15.98
							Santacrucian								16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
						Otaian									18.7
				Aquitanian											20.44
							Deseadan								20.9 *
					Landon	Waitakian									21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian						Cenozoic 4			23.03
						Duntroonian									25.2
						Whaingaroan									27.3
				Rupelian											27.82
				Rupelian			Tinguirirican								28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian								Cenozoic 3			33.9
					Arnold	Runangan									34.6
						Runangan	Divisaderan								35.9 *
						Kaiatan									36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan									37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian									39.1
				Lutetian								Cenozoic 2			41.2
							Mustersan								41.9 *
					Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
						Heretaungan									45.7
				Ypresian											47.8
							Casamayoran								47.9 *
						Mangaorapan									48.9
						Waipawan									52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Riochican					Cenozoic 1			56
							Itaboraian								56.9 *
							Peligran								58.9 *
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
				Danian			Tiupampan								62.4 *
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Cretaceous 8		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		Cretaceous 7		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		Cretaceous 6		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
			Coniacian						86.3
			Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean				90.5
					Arowhanan				93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		Cretaceous 5		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
					Motuan				99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Cretaceous 4		100.5
					Urutawan				103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		Cretaceous 3	113
			Aptian				Cretaceous 3	117.5
			Barremian				Cretaceous 2	121.4
			Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2	125.77
			Valanginian				Cretaceous 1	132.6
			Berriasian				Cretaceous 1	139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6	145
			Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian				Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian				Jurassic 4	168.2
			Aalenian				Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3	174.7
			Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian				Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian				Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian				Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian				Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian				Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean				Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian						425.6
			Gorstian			Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas			427.4
			Homerian			Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1		433.4
			Telychian						436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
			Aeronian			Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5			Kosovian	443.8
			Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian						Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian			Ordovician 4					453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †						458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3					458.4
									Dobrotivian		458.5 *
									Oretanian		459.7 *
					Sarka †							461.7 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Klabava †	467.3
			Dapingian			Arenigian			468
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Cambrian 5							485.4
			Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian									Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †							Cambrian 4	497
			Drumian	Marjumian								Cambrian 4	500.5
			Wuliuan	Topazan								Cambrian 3	504.5
			Wuliuan	Delamaran									506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †								509
			Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
			Stage 3	Dyeran								Cambrian 2	514
				Montezuman									514.8 *
				Begadean									519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian									538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian			Karatau									800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian			Karatau									1000
		Stenian			Yurmatian									1100
		Ectasian			Yurmatian									1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan									1375
															1400