PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian							0.129
					Ensenadan							0.3 *
				Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian								0.774
				Nukumaruan								1.63
					Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian										1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean							2.58
					Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
				Waipipian								3
		Zanclean		Waipipian								3.6
				Opoitian	Montehermosan							3.7 *
				Opoitian	Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
					Chasicoan							7.9 *
					Mayoan							9.9 *
					Laventan							10.9 *
			Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan								11.63
				Lillburnian								13.05
					Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian										13.82
				Clifdenian								15.1
				Clifdenian	Friasian							15.4 *
			Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian										15.98
					Santacrucian							16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
				Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian										20.44
					Deseadan							20.9 *
			Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian								23.03
				Duntroonian								25.2
				Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
			Arnold	Runangan								34.6
				Runangan	Divisaderan							35.9 *
				Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan								37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian								39.1
		Lutetian										41.2
					Mustersan							41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
				Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian										47.8
					Casamayoran							47.9 *
				Mangaorapan								48.9
				Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Riochican							56
					Itaboraian							56.9 *
					Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian		Haumurian			Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan				100.5
				Urutawan				103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko			Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec			Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Pragian				Pragian			Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ungurian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian		485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian		489.5
				Aksaian	490.7 *
				Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian		Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan		505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4		509
			Toyonian	510 *
			Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian	514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian	521
												525.5