PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian						0.129
					Ensenadan						0.3 *
				Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian							0.774
				Nukumaruan							1.63
					Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian									1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean						2.58
					Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
				Waipipian							3
		Zanclean		Waipipian							3.6
				Opoitian	Montehermosan						3.7 *
				Opoitian	Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
					Chasicoan						7.9 *
					Mayoan						9.9 *
					Laventan						10.9 *
			Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan							11.63
				Lillburnian							13.05
					Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian									13.82
				Clifdenian							15.1
				Clifdenian	Friasian						15.4 *
			Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian									15.98
					Santacrucian						16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
				Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian									20.44
					Deseadan						20.9 *
			Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian							23.03
				Duntroonian							25.2
				Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian									27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
			Arnold	Runangan							34.6
				Runangan	Divisaderan						35.9 *
				Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian									41.2
					Mustersan						41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
				Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian									47.8
					Casamayoran						47.9 *
				Mangaorapan							48.9
				Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Riochican						56
					Itaboraian						56.9 *
					Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
				Mangaotanean			90.5
				Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
				Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan			100.5
				Urutawan			103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian						Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean						Shangsian	330.9
		Visean						Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian						Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian	358.9
					Middle Famennian				365.3 *
					Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian				372.2
					Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
					Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian				382.7
					Middle Givetian				383.7 *
					Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian				410.8
					Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju		Porkuni				443.8
		Katian			Pirgu				445.2
					Vormsi				449.6 *
					Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
			Viru		Rakvere					450.6 *
					Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian			Keila		Idavere †		453
					Haljala				453.9
					Kukruse				456.4 *
					Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku	458.4
					Lasnamagi	458.9 *
					Aseri	460.4 *
			Oeland		Kunda	462.9 *
					Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
						Latorp †			470.1 *
					Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg				477.7
					Varangu				481.3 *
					Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort				485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							486.3 *
											486.5