PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform			Mesozoic Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan											Irvingtonian	0.21
				Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene							0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian											Blancan	1.4
				Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian						Late Pliocene					Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian						Late Pliocene							3
		Zanclean		Waipipian						Early Pliocene							3.6
				Opoitian													3.7
				Opoitian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean						Late Miocene							5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											Clarendonian	9.4
			Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene							11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											Barstovian	12.5
				Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian													13.82
				Clifdenian													15.1
			Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene							15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											Hemingfordian	16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										Arikareean	18.5
				Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	Late Oligocene							23.03
						Monroecreekian											23.1 *
						Geringian											24.7 *
				Duntroonian													25.2
				Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian						MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		Early Oligocene							27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Late Eocene						Chadronian	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan													34.6
				Kaiatan													36.7
																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						MP 16		Middle Eocene							37.71
				Bortonian													39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11									41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
				Heretaungan													45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		Early Eocene							47.8
				Mangaorapan													48.9
				Mangaorapan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Late Paleocene						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	MP 6		Late Paleocene						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6					Torrejonian
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		86.1
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Mangaotanean									90.5
				Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
				Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan							Late Albian		100.5
				Urutawan							Late Albian		103.3
				Urutawan							Middle Albian		106.2 *
			Taitai	Korangan							Middle Albian		108.4
											Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian		113
											Late Aptian		117.5
											Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian		139.8
											Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
											Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian			174.7
											Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
											Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian				Sevatian					208.5
						Alaunian					213.2 *
						Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian					227
		Carnian				Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian					237
		Ladinian				Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian					242
						Pelsonian					243.8 *
						Bithynian					244.7 *
						Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian					251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †					254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †		Tatarian			Vyatkian			256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian								259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian								264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian		Povolzhian						266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
							Filipovian	276.5 *
							Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
							Irginian	285.9 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine					419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton					421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood					423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian		Buildwas					426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas					427.4
		Homerian	Wych	Woolhope					428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	504.5
																	509