PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America		European Faunal Units	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran	Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							Late Pleistocene		0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean							Middle Pleistocene		0.129
					Irvingtonian									0.21
				Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene		0.774
					Blancan									1.4
				Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian				Villanyian				Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
				Waipipian				Villanyian						3
								Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
				Opoitian										3.7
					Hemphillian									4.7
													Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean				Turolian				Late Miocene		5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
								Vallesian						8.7
					Clarendonian									9.4
			Southland	Waiauan										11.04
													Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian						Astaracian				Middle Miocene		11.63
					Barstovian									12.5
				Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian									Shanwangian	13.82
				Clifdenian										15.1
			Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian						Orleanian				Early Miocene		15.98
					Hemingfordian									16.3
					Hemingfordian								Xiejiaan	16.9
					Arikareean									18.5
				Otaian										18.7
								Agenian						20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian								Late Oligocene		23.03
				Duntroonian										25.2
				Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene		27.82
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian							Late Eocene		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan										34.6
				Kaiatan										36.7
					Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene		37.71
				Bortonian										39.1
					Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
				Heretaungan										45.7
					Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene		47.8
				Mangaorapan										48.9
				Mangaorapan	Wasatchian									50.5
				Waipawan	Wasatchian									52
				Waipawan	Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian	Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian	Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Puercan	Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			Senonian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
				Mangaotanean					90.5
				Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan					93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
				Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan			Gallic		100.5
				Urutawan					103.3
			Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian		Korangan					113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
									Planulata	179.3 *
									Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
									Kanense		181.3 *
									Carlottense		182.3 *
									Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian							Kunae		184.2
									Freboldi		185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian									192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian									Leine	264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian										Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian										Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian										Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan							Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian							Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian							Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian											407.6
		Lochkovian											410.8
														419.2