PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Devonian Subages	Cambrian of West Avalonia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian							0.129
						Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
				Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
						Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
				Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan	MN 17								1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian	MN 17								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	MN 16								2.58
				Waipipian	MN 16								3
					MN 15								3.2
		Zanclean											3.6
				Opoitian									3.7
					MN 14								4.2
					MN 14	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
					MN 13								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian			MN 12								7.246
					MN 11								7.75
					MN 10								8.7
					MN 10	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
					MN 9								9.7
			Southland	Waiauan	MN 9								11.04
					MN 7 + 8								11.1
		Serravallian											11.63
						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
					MN 6								12.8 *
				Lillburnian	MN 6								13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian	MN 5								13.82
				Clifdenian									15.1
			Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian			MN 4								15.98
					MN 4	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
					MN 3	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.9
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
				Otaian									18.7
					MN 2								20
		Aquitanian											20.44
			Landon	Waitakian									21.7
					MN 1								22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
							Monroecreekian						23.1 *
							Geringian						24.7 *
				Duntroonian									25.2
				Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan				27.82
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan				29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
			Arnold	Runangan									34.6
				Kaiatan									36.7
													37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
				Bortonian									39.1
						Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
				Heretaungan									45.7
						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian			47.8
				Mangaorapan				48.9
				Mangaorapan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		50.5
				Waipawan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		52
				Waipawan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian		Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
				Mangaotanean							90.5
				Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan							93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
				Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan							100.5
				Urutawan							103.3
			Taitai	Korangan							108.4
		Aptian		Korangan							113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian						358.9
					Middle Famennian						365.3 *
					Early Famennian						368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian				Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill				Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan		445.2
								Cautleyan		448.9 *
								Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
			Pusgillian					449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †		449.6 *
				Cheneyan						451.5 *
				Cheneyan					Gisbornian	452 *
				Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
								Actonian †		453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †			455.2 *
				Aurelucian				Longvillian †			456.8 *
				Aurelucian				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Yapeenian		467.3
			Arenig	Fennian					Yapeenian		468.4 *
									Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian		470
				Whitlandian					Chewtonian		471.1 *
									Bendigonian		471.8 *
									Lancefieldian		473.5 *
				Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian							477.7
				Cressagian							480.8 *
				Cressagian					Warendian		482.8 *
									Warendian		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
		Stage 3									Branchian	514
		Stage 3					Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8