PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Carboniferous of North America	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran			Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6		0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean			0.129
							Irvingtonian			0.21
				Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian								0.774
							Blancan			1.4
				Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian						2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian						3
		Zanclean		Waipipian						3.6
				Opoitian						3.7
				Opoitian			Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian								7.246
							Clarendonian			9.4
			Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5		11.63
							Barstovian			12.5
				Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian						13.82
				Clifdenian						15.1
			Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian								15.98
							Hemingfordian			16.3
							Arikareean			18.5
				Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian				Cenozoic 4		23.03
				Duntroonian						25.2
				Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian								27.82
							Whitneyan			29.5
							Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian	Cenozoic 3		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan						34.6
				Kaiatan						36.7
							Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian								37.71
				Bortonian						39.1
							Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2		41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
				Heretaungan						45.7
							Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian								47.8
				Mangaorapan						48.9
				Mangaorapan			Wasatchian			50.5
				Waipawan			Wasatchian			52
				Waipawan			Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian			Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1		56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian					Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian		Haumurian		Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
				Mangaotanean			90.5
				Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		Cretaceous 5	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
				Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Cretaceous 4	100.5
				Urutawan			103.3
			Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3	117.5
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian				Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian				Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian				Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian				Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
						Meramecian		335.8 *
						Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Late Cambrian	Cambrian 5		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian	489.5					Sunwaptan
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4	Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian		Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2	Dyeran			514
					Montezuman			514.8 *
					Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1				529
										538.8