PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian Subages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran				Cenozoic 6					0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian								Middle Pleistocene	0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian								Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian								Late Pliocene	3
		Zanclean		Waipipian								Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian								Early Pliocene	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean								Late Miocene	5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan									7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan				Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian									13.82
				Clifdenian									15.1
			Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian								Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene	23.03
				Duntroonian									25.2
				Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Cenozoic 3				Late Eocene	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan									34.6
				Kaiatan									36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian									39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian				Cenozoic 2					41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
				Heretaungan									45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan			Bumbanian					Early Eocene	47.8
				Mangaorapan									48.9
				Waipawan									52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian		Gashatan		Cenozoic 1				Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian				Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian		Haumurian				Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan				Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				86.1
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean									90.5
				Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan				Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
				Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan				Cretaceous 4	Late Albian				100.5
				Urutawan					Late Albian				103.3
				Urutawan					Middle Albian				106.2 *
			Taitai	Korangan					Middle Albian				108.4
									Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian				113
									Late Aptian				117.5
									Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian			Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian			Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian	139.8
								Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
								Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian			Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Jurassic 3			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian		174.7
								Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
								Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian			Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian			Jurassic 1			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian						Sevatian		208.5
								Alaunian		213.2 *
								Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian			Triassic 3			Tuvalian		227
		Carnian			Triassic 3			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2			Longobardian		237
		Ladinian						Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian		242
								Pelsonian		243.8 *
								Bithynian		244.7 *
								Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Triassic 1			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian						Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan						Dienerian		251.2
		Induan						Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian					315.2
						Huashibanian	318.5 *
						Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian	Devonian 5	Famennian				358.9
				Middle Famennian	365.3 *
				Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian	Devonian 4	Frasnian	372.2
				Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
				Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian	Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	Couvinien		387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian		Devonian 2	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		Devonian 2	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		Devonian 1	407.6
		Pragian	Pragian	Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4		497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3		509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1		529
													538.8