PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean			0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian							0.0042
				Greenlandian							0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean			0.129
								Irvingtonian			0.21
						Castlecliffian					0.34
				Calabrian							0.774
								Blancan			1.4
						Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan					1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian					2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian					2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian					3
				Zanclean		Waipipian					3.6
						Opoitian					3.7
						Opoitian		Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian							7.246
								Clarendonian			9.4
					Southland	Waiauan					11.04
				Serravallian							11.63
								Barstovian			12.5
						Lillburnian					13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian					13.82
						Clifdenian					15.1
					Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian							15.98
								Hemingfordian			16.3
								Arikareean			18.5
						Otaian					18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian					20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian					21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian					23.03
						Duntroonian					25.2
						Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian							27.82
								Whitneyan			29.5
								Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian			33.9
					Arnold	Runangan					34.6
						Kaiatan					36.7
								Duchesnean			37
				Bartonian							37.71
						Bortonian					39.1
								Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian							41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
						Heretaungan					45.7
								Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian							47.8
						Mangaorapan					48.9
						Mangaorapan		Wasatchian			50.5
						Waipawan		Wasatchian			52
						Waipawan		Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian		Clarkforkian			56
				Thanetian				Tiffanian			56.2
				Selandian				Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian				Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian				Puercan			63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10			Sunwaptan				487.5
			Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan				489.5
			Jiangshanian			Steptoean				493 *
			Paibian			Steptoean				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian	Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan	Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan	Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4	Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3	Dyeran		514
				Montezuman		514.8 *
				Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						538.8
		Cryogenian						635
		Tonian						720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					1000
		Ectasian					1200
		Calymmian					1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian					1600
		Orosirian					1800
		Rhyacian					2050
		Siderian					2300
Archean	Neoarchean						2500
	Mesoarchean						2800
	Paleoarchean						3200
	Eoarchean						3600
Hadean							4000
											4600