PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America				Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran														0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian														0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian														0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan														1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan														1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian														2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian													Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian														3
		Zanclean		Waipipian														3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian														3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean														5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan														7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan														7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan														11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan														11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian														13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian														13.82
				Clifdenian														15.1
			Pareora	Altonian														15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian														15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian														18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian														20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian														21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian										23.03
				Duntroonian														25.2
				Whaingaroan														27.3
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian											33.9
			Arnold	Runangan														34.6
				Kaiatan														36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan											37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian														39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian														41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan														42.6
				Heretaungan														45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan				Bumbanian										47.8
				Mangaorapan														48.9
				Waipawan														52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian			Gashatan											56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian														66
		Campanian		Haumurian														72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan														83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan														86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
				Mangaotanean														90.5
				Arowhanan														93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan														93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian														95.2
				Motuan														99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan														100.5
				Urutawan														103.3
			Taitai	Korangan														108.4
		Aptian		Korangan														113
		Aptian																117.5
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein	Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller			259.51
		Wordian				Leine			264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian							Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
		Pragian								Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran			422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian										Gamachian	445.2
												Richmondian	446 *
							Eastonian					Richmondian	449 *
												Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian		450.4 *
				Mohawkian							Chatfieldian	451.1 *
							Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian										453
											Turinian	453.7 *
				Whiterockian								Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian				458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian				467.3
			Castlemainian				468.5 *
			Castlemainian				Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	Ibexian			Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
			Bendigonian											471.8 *
			Lancefieldian											473.5 *
							Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean							477.7
							Stairsian							480.3 *
							Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
			Warendian										Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian													Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran									514
						Montezuman									514.8 *
						Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																		538.8