PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran						Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean				0.129
												Irvingtonian				0.21
						Castlecliffian										0.34
				Calabrian												0.774
												Blancan				1.4
						Nukumaruan										1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan										1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian									Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian										3
				Zanclean		Waipipian										3.6
						Opoitian										3.7
						Opoitian						Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
												Clarendonian				9.4
					Southland	Waiauan										11.04
				Serravallian												11.63
												Barstovian				12.5
						Lillburnian										13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian										13.82
						Clifdenian										15.1
					Pareora	Altonian										15.9
				Burdigalian												15.98
												Hemingfordian				16.3
												Arikareean				18.5
						Otaian										18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian										20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian										21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian										23.03
						Duntroonian										25.2
						Whaingaroan										27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
												Whitneyan				29.5
												Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian				33.9
					Arnold	Runangan										34.6
						Kaiatan										36.7
												Duchesnean				37
				Bartonian												37.71
						Bortonian										39.1
												Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian												41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
						Heretaungan										45.7
												Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian												47.8
						Mangaorapan										48.9
						Mangaorapan						Wasatchian				50.5
						Waipawan						Wasatchian				52
						Waipawan						Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian						Clarkforkian				56
				Thanetian								Tiffanian				56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian								Puercan				63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			66
			Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
			Aptian		Korangan			113
			Aptian					117.5
			Barremian					121.4
			Hauterivian					125.77
			Valanginian					132.6
			Berriasian					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
			Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					168.2
			Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
			Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian					199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes		259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian					Autunian		283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
			Asselian							Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Kuzel	298.9
										Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian								Cantabrian	307
										Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
											Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
											Westphalian A	317 *
										Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
											Marsdenian	320.2 *
											Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
											Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
						Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian				346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian				353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare					419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma					421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare					423
			Ludfordian		Paadla					423.4 *
			Gorstian	425.6	Paadla
		Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian	Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Merioneth					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
									Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								489.5
										Steptoean	493 *
									Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian		Albertian †				St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan									Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran					506.5				Stage 5 †
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Waucoban †			Caerfai				509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran									514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †				Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †				Wonokan †		571.7 *
																635