PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of China			Permian of the Russian Platform		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe	Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran													Cenozoic 6	0
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
				Chibanian																0.129
				Chibanian		Castlecliffian														0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian														0.774
				Calabrian		Nukumaruan														1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan														1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian														2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian														2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian														3
				Zanclean		Waipipian														3.6
				Zanclean		Opoitian														3.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean														5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan														7.2
				Tortonian		Tongaporutuan														7.246
				Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan														11.04
				Serravallian		Waiauan													Cenozoic 5	11.63
				Serravallian		Lillburnian														13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian														13.82
						Clifdenian														15.1
					Pareora	Altonian														15.9
				Burdigalian		Altonian														15.98
				Burdigalian		Otaian														18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian														20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian														21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian													Cenozoic 4	23.03
						Duntroonian														25.2
						Whaingaroan														27.3
				Rupelian																27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															Cenozoic 3	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan														34.6
						Kaiatan														36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan														37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian														39.1
				Lutetian		Bortonian													Cenozoic 2	41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan														42.6
						Heretaungan														45.7
				Ypresian		Heretaungan														47.8
						Mangaorapan														48.9
						Waipawan														52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian													Cenozoic 1	56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian													Cretaceous 8	66
				Campanian		Haumurian													Cretaceous 7	72.1
				Santonian		Piripauan													Cretaceous 6	83.6
				Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan														86.1
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
						Mangaotanean														90.5
						Arowhanan														93.7
				Cenomanian		Arowhanan													Cretaceous 5	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian														95.2
						Motuan														99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan													Cretaceous 4	100.5
						Urutawan														103.3
					Taitai	Korangan														108.4
				Aptian		Korangan													Cretaceous 3	113
				Aptian															Cretaceous 3	117.5
				Barremian															Cretaceous 2	121.4
				Hauterivian															Cretaceous 2	125.77
				Valanginian															Cretaceous 1	132.6
Berriasian				139.8															Cretaceous 1
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6		145
			Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5		149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian		Jurassic 4		165.3
			Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Bajocian					Humphresianum	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
								Planulata		179.3 *
										Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
											180.1
								Kanense			181.3 *
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Kanense			182
								Carlottense			182.3 *
								Kunae			183.5 *
			Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Kunae	Jurassic 2		184.2
								Freboldi			185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Jurassic 1			192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
			Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian							Triassic 4		208.5
			Carnian							Triassic 3		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Triassic 2		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian							Triassic 2		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian							Triassic 1		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan							Triassic 1		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Permian 4		251.902
			Wuchiapingian									254.14
			Wuchiapingian									Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian										Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian										Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian							Kazanian		Povolzhian	Permian 3	266.9
			Roadian							Kazanian		Sokian	Permian 3	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	Permian 2	273.01
												Filipovian		276.5 *
												Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian							Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
												Irginian		285.9 *
												Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian							Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian							Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian							Asselian		Shikhanian	Permian 1	293.52
												Uskalykian		294.8
												Surenian		297.5
												Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Carboniferous 5	Kuzel	298.9
														Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
															Stephanian B	300.9 *
															Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian												Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian												Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian										Carboniferous 4		Cantabrian	307
														Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C									309.8
						Westphalian B									314.6
			Bashkirian			Westphalian B									315.2
						Westphalian A									317 *
						Namurian								Yeadonian	318.8 *
				Marsdenian										320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian										321.5 *
				Alportian										322 *
				Chokierian										323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chokierian									Carboniferous 3	323.2
				Arnsbergian										324 *
				Pendleian										327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian		Brigantian †							Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Livian		Asbian †								336.3 *
				Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian								340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian									Carboniferous 1	346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian			353.7 *						Carboniferous 1
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2						393.3
			Pragian				Devonian 1						407.6
			Lochkovian				Devonian 1						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli											Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian										Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian												425.6
			Gorstian								Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas			427.4
			Homerian		Wych			Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1		433.4
			Telychian						436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †		Ordovician 5				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang										Kralodvorian		449.5
													Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4						453
															Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
														Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo				Ordovician 3								458.4
													Dobrotivian				458.5 *
													Oretanian				459.7 *
														Sarka †			461.7 *
					Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo							Sarka †			466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian						Ordovician 2					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian										Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian										Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian						Ordovician 1				Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian				Lianghekou †		Ordovician 1				Tremadocian				477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Cambrian 5								485.4
		Jiangshanian															489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian							Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan							Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian						538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian										Karatau						800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau						1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan						1375
																				1400