PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Precambrian of Russia	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran											0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Chibanian		Castlecliffian											0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian											0.774
				Calabrian		Nukumaruan											1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan											1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian											2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian											2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian											3
				Zanclean		Waipipian											3.6
				Zanclean		Opoitian											3.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan											7.2
				Tortonian		Tongaporutuan											7.246
				Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan											11.04
				Serravallian		Waiauan											11.63
				Serravallian		Lillburnian											13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian											13.82
						Clifdenian											15.1
					Pareora	Altonian											15.9
				Burdigalian		Altonian											15.98
				Burdigalian		Otaian											18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian											20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian											21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
						Duntroonian											25.2
						Whaingaroan											27.3
				Rupelian											Kekeamuan		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
					Arnold	Runangan											34.6
						Kaiatan											36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian											39.1
				Lutetian		Bortonian											41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
						Heretaungan											45.7
				Ypresian		Heretaungan										Bumbanian	47.8
						Mangaorapan											48.9
						Waipawan											52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian									Gashatan		56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian											66
				Campanian		Haumurian											72.1
				Santonian		Piripauan											83.6
				Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan											86.1
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
						Mangaotanean											90.5
						Arowhanan											93.7
				Cenomanian		Arowhanan											93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian											95.2
						Motuan											99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan											100.5
						Urutawan											103.3
					Taitai	Korangan											108.4
				Aptian		Korangan											113
				Aptian													117.5
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
			Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras		168.2
			Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
			Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
					Planulata		179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense			181.3 *
					Carlottense			182.3 *
					Kunae			183.5 *
			Pliensbachian		Kunae			184.2
					Freboldi			185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian						192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
			Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian							305.9
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula				427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu				429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu				430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani				431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani				433.4
			Telychian	Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian		Gamachian					443.8
			Katian			Gamachian					445.2
						Richmondian					446 *
						Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian						450.4 *
				Mohawkian		Chatfieldian						451.1 *
			Sandbian			Chatfieldian						453
						Turinian						453.7 *
				Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
			Dapingian										467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian							469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian			Tulean								473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean								477.7
						Stairsian								480.3 *
						Skullrockian		Demingian †					482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian							485.4
			Stage 10			487.5
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
			Drumian			500.5
			Wuliuan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
Stage 3		Series 2	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian						538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian					Karatau						800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau						1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan						1375
																	1400