PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian				0.129
								Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
				Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
								Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
				Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian								2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian								3
		Zanclean		Waipipian								3.6
				Opoitian								3.7
				Opoitian				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
			Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian										11.63
								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
				Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian								13.82
				Clifdenian								15.1
			Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian										15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
				Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
									Monroecreekian			23.1 *
									Geringian			24.7 *
				Duntroonian								25.2
				Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
		Rupelian										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
			Arnold	Runangan								34.6
				Kaiatan								36.7
												37
		Bartonian										37.71
				Bortonian								39.1
								Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
				Heretaungan								45.7
								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian										47.8
				Mangaorapan								48.9
				Mangaorapan				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
				Waipawan				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				52
				Waipawan						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Senonian							66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan				145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan				149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan				150
							Heterian				154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan				164.3
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan				176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan				184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran				188.9
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian					Warepan				208.5
							Otamitan				217
							Oretian				221
		Carnian					Oretian				227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian					Etalian		238
		Anisian					Etalian		242
		Anisian					Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan		Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Kathwai		251.902
											252.4 *
									Chhidru		252.9 *
							Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian				254.14
							Puruhauan				254.2
									Kalabagh		255 *
								Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
							Barettian		266
								Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian						Amb	266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian		283.5
							Telfordian		285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
				Lousuan					321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian					323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian					330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian					330.9
		Visean		Jiusian					335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan				487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan				489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †				497
		Drumian		Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4		Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran					514
				Montezuman					514.8 *
				Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
												538.8