PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran						Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
						Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian									0.774
												Blancan	1.4
						Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian							2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian							3
				Zanclean		Waipipian							3.6
						Opoitian							3.7
						Opoitian						Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian									7.246
												Clarendonian	9.4
					Southland	Waiauan							11.04
				Serravallian									11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
						Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian							13.82
						Clifdenian							15.1
					Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian									15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
						Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian							23.03
						Duntroonian							25.2
						Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian									27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan							34.6
						Kaiatan							36.7
												Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian									37.71
						Bortonian							39.1
												Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian									41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
						Heretaungan							45.7
												Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian									47.8
						Mangaorapan							48.9
						Mangaorapan						Wasatchian	50.5
						Waipawan						Wasatchian	52
						Waipawan						Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian						Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian								Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian								Puercan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Senonian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic		100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
			Aptian		Korangan			113
			Aptian					117.5
			Barremian					121.4
			Hauterivian			Neocomian		125.77
			Valanginian					132.6
			Berriasian					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
			Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					168.2
			Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
			Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian					199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian					Wordian	264.28
			Roadian					Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian						Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian							Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian							Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian				485.4
			Jiangshanian		489.5		Batyrbaian
					Aksaian		490.7 *
					Sakian		492.2 *
			Paibian		Sakian		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian		497
			Guzhangian		499.5
			Drumian	Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian	Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan	Tuesaian	504.5
			Wuliuan		505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4		509
				Toyonian	510 *
				Botomian	512.5 *
			Stage 3	Botomian	514
			Stage 3	Atdabanian	515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian	521
			Stage 2		525.5
			Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian					635
		Tonian					720
		Tonian				Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau	1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan	1375
													1400