PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian												0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian												0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian												2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian												3
		Zanclean		Waipipian												3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian												3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan												7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan												11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan												11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian												13.82
				Clifdenian												15.1
			Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian												15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Duntroonian												25.2
				Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan												34.6
				Kaiatan												36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian												39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian												41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
				Heretaungan												45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan											Bumbanian	47.8
				Mangaorapan												48.9
				Waipawan												52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian										Gashatan		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Senonian											66
		Campanian		Haumurian												72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan												83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan												86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
				Mangaotanean												90.5
				Arowhanan												93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan												93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian												95.2
				Motuan												99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic											100.5
				Urutawan												103.3
			Taitai	Korangan												108.4
		Aptian		Korangan												113
		Aptian														117.5
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian											125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
									Cautleyan			448.9 *
									Pusgillian			449.3 *
				Caradoc				Streffordian	Onnian †		Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Cheneyan			Rakvere		451.5 *
								Cheneyan			Oandu		452 *
			Burrellian		452.7 *						Oandu
		Sandbian			Keila			Idavere †			453
					Keila				Actonian †		453.2 *
					Haljala				Actonian †		453.9
									Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †			455.2 *
					Kukruse							456.4 *
			Aurelucian									456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
					Uhaku			Aluoja †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn	Uhaku							458.4
					Lasnamagi							458.9 *
					Aseri							460.4 *
				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn	Aseri							461.3 *
					Oeland					Kunda		462.9 *
								Valaste †/Hunderum		Kunda		464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian											467.3
			Arenig	Fennian									468.4 *
										Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
								Latorp †					470.1 *
				Whitlandian									471.1 *
				Whitlandian						Hunneberg			473.7 *
				Moridunian									474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian									477.7
				Cressagian									480.8 *
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran							Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran								514
						Montezuman								514.8 *
						Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
																538.8