PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran										0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian	Middle Pleistocene									0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian	Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	Late Pliocene									2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian	Late Pliocene									3
		Zanclean		Waipipian	Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian	Early Pliocene									3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene									5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan										7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan	Middle Miocene									11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian										13.82
				Clifdenian										15.1
			Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian	Early Miocene									15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian										20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian	Late Oligocene									23.03
				Duntroonian										25.2
				Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene									33.9
			Arnold	Runangan										34.6
				Kaiatan										36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan	Middle Eocene									37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian										39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian										41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
				Heretaungan										45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan	Early Eocene									47.8
				Mangaorapan										48.9
				Waipawan										52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Late Paleocene									56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian										66
		Campanian		Haumurian										72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan										83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan										86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
				Mangaotanean										90.5
				Arowhanan										93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan										93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian										95.2
				Motuan										99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan										100.5
				Urutawan										103.3
			Taitai	Korangan										108.4
		Aptian		Korangan										113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4				Buildwas
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian	438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju				Porkuni		443.8
		Katian						Pirgu		445.2
								Vormsi		449.6 *
								Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
				Viru				Rakvere			450.6 *
								Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †		453
							Haljala			453.9
							Kukruse			456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku			458.4
						Lasnamagi	458.9 *
						Aseri	460.4 *
				Oeland		Kunda	462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
							Latorp †			470.1 *
						Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg				477.7
						Varangu				481.3 *
						Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			Late Cambrian		485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian			Albertian †		Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian					Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran			Waucoban †		Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran						514
							Montezuman						514.8 *
							Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8