PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Germany	Cambrian of North America	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran			Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6				0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean					0.129
							Irvingtonian					0.21
				Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene							0.774
							Blancan					1.4
				Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan							MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian							MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	Late Pliocene						MN 16	2.58
				Waipipian							MN 16	3
											MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene							3.6
				Opoitian								3.7
											MN 14	4.2
							Hemphillian				MN 14	4.7
											MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene							5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian									MN 12	7.246
											MN 11	7.75
											MN 10	8.7
							Clarendonian				MN 10	9.4
											MN 9	9.7
			Southland	Waiauan							MN 9	11.04
											MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene			Cenozoic 5				11.63
							Barstovian					12.5
											MN 6	12.8 *
				Lillburnian							MN 6	13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian							MN 5	13.82
				Clifdenian								15.1
			Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene						MN 4	15.98
							Hemingfordian				MN 4	16.3
							Hemingfordian				MN 3	16.9
							Arikareean					18.5
				Otaian								18.7
											MN 2	20
		Aquitanian										20.44
			Landon	Waitakian								21.7
											MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene			Cenozoic 4				23.03
				Duntroonian								25.2
				Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene							27.82
							Whitneyan					29.5
							Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene		Chadronian	Cenozoic 3				33.9
			Arnold	Runangan								34.6
				Kaiatan								36.7
							Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene							37.71
				Bortonian								39.1
							Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2				41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
				Heretaungan								45.7
							Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	47.8
				Mangaorapan		48.9
				Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan		Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian		Haumurian			Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan			Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan			Cretaceous 5	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan			Cretaceous 4	100.5
				Urutawan				103.3
			Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian		Korangan			Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3	117.5
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian					Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian					Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian					Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian					Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian					Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian					Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian					Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian					Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian		259.51
		Wordian					Midian		264.28
		Wordian					Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian	Permian 2	273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian					Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian						Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian						Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean						Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian						Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Devonian 1	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4		Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Dyeran				514
				Montezuman				514.8 *
				Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
												538.8