PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Sheridanian						0.129
											Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
				Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene												0.774
											Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	Late Pliocene												2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian	Late Pliocene												3
		Zanclean		Waipipian	Early Pliocene												3.6
				Opoitian													3.7
				Opoitian							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene												5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
			Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene												11.63
											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian													13.82
				Clifdenian													15.1
			Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene												15.98
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
												Monroecreekian					23.1 *
												Geringian					24.7 *
				Duntroonian													25.2
				Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene									Kekeamuan			27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene									Kekeamuan			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
			Arnold	Runangan													34.6
				Kaiatan													36.7
																	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Bortonian													39.1
											Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
				Heretaungan													45.7
											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene										Bumbanian		47.8
				Mangaorapan													48.9
				Mangaorapan							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
				Waipawan							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						52
				Waipawan									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Late Paleocene								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan			56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan			56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene								To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene								To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian												Senonian	66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan			103.3
			Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian		Korangan			113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
							Planulata	179.3 *
							Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
							Kanense		181.3 *
							Carlottense		182.3 *
							Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Kunae		184.2
							Freboldi		185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian								192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian								Wordian		264.28
		Roadian								Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian		Cathedralian				273.01
		Kungurian										Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian									283.5	Hessian
		Artinskian								Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian									Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran		514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																	538.8