PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carboniferous of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian							0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian						Villanyian	2.58
				Waipipian						Villanyian	3
										Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian							3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean						Turolian	5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
										Vallesian	8.7
			Southland	Waiauan						Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan						Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian							13.82
				Clifdenian							15.1
			Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian						Orleanian	15.98
				Otaian						Orleanian	18.7
										Agenian	20
		Aquitanian									20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
				Duntroonian							25.2
				Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
			Arnold	Runangan							34.6
				Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian							41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
				Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan				Bumbanian			47.8
				Mangaorapan							48.9
				Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian			Gashatan				56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian		Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
				Mangaotanean							90.5
				Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan							93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
				Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan							100.5
				Urutawan							103.3
			Taitai	Korangan							108.4
		Aptian		Korangan							113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian	259.51
		Wordian			Midian	264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian			Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan				315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan				318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian				323.2
		Visean			Chesterian				330.9
					Meramecian				335.8 *
					Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10		Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian		Festiniogian				489.5
		Jiangshanian		Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids				Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian				Caerfai	Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3	Branchian						514
		Stage 3	Placentian						517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
											538.8