PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian								Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
												Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
						Castlecliffian												0.34
				Calabrian													Early Pleistocene	0.774
												Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
						Nukumaruan												1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan												1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian											Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian											Late Pliocene	3
				Zanclean		Waipipian											Early Pliocene	3.6
						Opoitian												3.7
						Opoitian						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean											Late Miocene	5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
				Tortonian														7.246
												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
					Southland	Waiauan												11.04
				Serravallian													Middle Miocene	11.63
												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
						Lillburnian												13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian												13.82
						Clifdenian												15.1
					Pareora	Altonian												15.9
				Burdigalian													Early Miocene	15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
						Otaian												18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian												20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian												21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
													Monroecreekian					23.1 *
													Geringian					24.7 *
						Duntroonian												25.2
						Whaingaroan												27.3
				Rupelian											Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian											Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan												34.6
						Kaiatan												36.7
																		37
				Bartonian											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
						Bortonian												39.1
												Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian														41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
						Heretaungan												45.7
												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian												Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
						Mangaorapan												48.9
						Mangaorapan						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
						Waipawan						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						52
						Waipawan								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian										To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian										To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian												66
Campanian				72.1		Haumurian
Santonian				Piripauan		83.6
Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
Coniacian						86.3
Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
Early Cretaceous			Albian		Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian		Korangan	113
			Aptian			117.5
			Barremian			121.4
			Hauterivian			125.77
			Valanginian			132.6
			Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
			Telychian				Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian					Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
					Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
					Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian				Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
				Kukruse			456.4 *
				Uhaku			Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku				458.4
				Lasnamagi				458.9 *
				Aseri				460.4 *
				Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
					Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian		Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian		Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
							Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian		Hunneberg				Ungurian	477.7
					Varangu					481.3 *
					Pakerort					482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort		Batyrbaian			485.4
										486.3 *
				486.5
			Jiangshanian	489.5
				Aksaian			490.7 *
				Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian	Sakian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian		497
			Guzhangian			499.5
			Drumian	Zhanaarykian		500.5
			Drumian	Tuesaian		503
			Wuliuan	Tuesaian		504.5
			Wuliuan			505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
				Toyonian		510 *
				Botomian		512.5 *
			Stage 3	Botomian		514
			Stage 3	Atdabanian		515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		521
			Stage 2			525.5
			Fortunian			529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635