PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Siberia			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ordovician of Britain				Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran														0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian					0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian														0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian														0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan														1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan														1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian														2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian									Yushean					2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian														3
		Zanclean		Waipipian														3.6
				Opoitian														3.7
				Opoitian									Baodean					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean														5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan														7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan														7.246
			Southland	Waiauan														11.04
													Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian																11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian														13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian									Shanwangian					13.82
				Clifdenian														15.1
			Pareora	Altonian														15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
													Xiejiaan					16.9
				Otaian														18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian														20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian														21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian														23.03
				Duntroonian														25.2
				Whaingaroan														27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
			Arnold	Runangan														34.6
				Kaiatan														36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan														37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian														39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian														41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan														42.6
				Heretaungan														45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan														47.8
				Mangaorapan														48.9
				Waipawan														52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian														56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian		Haumurian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	86.1
		Coniacian															Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian															Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
				Mangaotanean														90.5
				Arowhanan														93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian														95.2
				Motuan														99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan													Late Albian	100.5
				Urutawan													Late Albian	103.3
				Urutawan													Middle Albian	106.2 *
			Taitai	Korangan													Middle Albian	108.4
																	Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian	113
					Late Aptian	117.5
					Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian	139.8
					Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
					Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian			Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian		227
		Carnian			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
		Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian			264.9 *
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian			283.5
		Artinskian			Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian				303.7
					Khamovnikian				304.8
					Krevyakinian				305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
					Podolskian				308.9 *
					Kashirian				311.4 *
					Vereian				313.8
					Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
					Cheremshanian				316.9 *
				Prikamian	318.6 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian	Late Mississippian			323.2
				Protvian				324.4 *
				Steshevian				326.8 *
				Tarusian				329 *
		Visean	Venevian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Mikhailovian		331.9 *
			Aleksinian		333.7 *
			Tulian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	Early Mississippian	346.7
			Kizelian		350.7 *
			Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Karakubian		354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian			470
							Whitlandian			471.1 *
							Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian			Ungurian	477.7
							Cressagian				480.8 *
							Cressagian				Mansian †	483.55 *
											Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
										Aksaian			Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			Sakian			492.2 *
															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian			Ayusokkanian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian						499.5
		Drumian											Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian											Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan								Amgan/Solvan			Tuesaian	Topazan		504.5
														Topazan		505.3
														Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Waucoban †	509
										Toyonian	Lenian †		Toyonian			510 *
										Toyonian			Toyonian	Dyeran		511 *
										Botomian			Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3														514
														Montezuman		514.8 *
										Atdabanian			Atdabanian	Montezuman		515.6 *
										Atdabanian			Atdabanian	Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian			Tommotian			521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian							Manykaian †	529
																		538.8