PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia		Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian								Middle Pleistocene					0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian								Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian								Late Pliocene					2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian								Late Pliocene					3
		Zanclean		Waipipian								Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian								Early Pliocene					3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean								Late Miocene					5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan													7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan								Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian													13.82
				Clifdenian													15.1
			Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian								Early Miocene					15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian								Late Oligocene			MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
				Duntroonian													25.2
				Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene			MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan													34.6
				Kaiatan													36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan								Middle Eocene			MP 16		37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian											MP 16		39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian											MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
				Heretaungan													45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan								Early Eocene			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
				Mangaorapan													48.9
				Waipawan													52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian								Late Paleocene			MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian													66
		Campanian		Haumurian													72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan													83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan													86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
				Mangaotanean													90.5
				Arowhanan													93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan													93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian													95.2
				Motuan													99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan													100.5
				Urutawan													103.3
			Taitai	Korangan													108.4
		Aptian		Korangan													113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian			Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian			Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Shangsian	330.9
		Visean			Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
				Zahorany †/Vinice				Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
						Dobrotivian			458.5 *
						Oretanian			459.7 *
			Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian		468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian		470
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian					Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean					Taoyuanian †		Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
										Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian	Paibian											494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
								Waergangian †/Youshuanian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian					Wangcunian †		Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian	Drumian							Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian	Drumian							Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian							Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian											509
										Toyonian	Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
										Botomian	Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian							Botomian	Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian							Atdabanian	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian							Tommotian	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian										Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian									Manykaian †		530.7
																	538.8